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EU-based community-driven research on open-source generative AI systems.

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The index is hosted at the Centre of Language and Speech Technology, Radboud University, The Netherlands.

29 August 2025
Lumo: the least open 'open' AI we've seen
01 August 2025
BERT: The original sin of open-washing large language models
18 July 2025
MusGO: a new openness index for the music domain
Open-source enables oversight
(1/5) Part of a series of blog posts on the benefits of open-source AI.
Keeping up with open source model development
What makes models distinctive and when do we include them?
An overview of AI model types
Providing an overview of the different types of AI models available

We assess the openness of "AI" systems for generating text, images, code, video, and audio. Here are some popular text models ranked by openness. Explore more in the full index

Parameter descriptions:

Base Model Data
Are datasources for training the base model comprehensively documented and made available? In case a distinction between base (foundation) and end (user) model is not applicable, this mirrors the end model data entries.
End User Model Data
Are datasources for training the model that the end user interacts with comprehensively documented and made available?
Base Model Weights
Are the weights of the base models made freely available? In case a distinction between base (foundation) and end (user) model is not applicable, this mirrors the end model data entries.
End User Model Weights
Are the weights of the model that the end user interacts with made freely available?
Training Code
Is the source code of dataset processing, model training and tuning comprehensively made available?
Code Documentation
Is the source code of datasource processing, model training and tuning comprehensively documented?
Hardware Architecture
Is the hardware architecture used for datasource processing and model training comprehensively documented?
Preprint
Are archived preprint(s) are available that detail all major parts of the system including datasource processing, model training and tuning steps?
Paper
Are peer-reviewed scientific publications available that detail all major parts of the system including datasource processing, model training and tuning steps?
Modelcard
Is a model card available in standardized format that provides comprehensive insight on model architecture, training, fine-tuning, and evaluation?
Datasheet
Is a datasheet as defined in "Datasheets for Datasets" (Gebru et al. 2021) available?
Package
Is a packaged release of the model available on a software repository (e.g. a Python Package Index, Homebrew)?
API and Meta Prompts
Is an API available that provides unrestricted access to the model (other than security and CDN restrictions)? If applicable, this entry also collects information on the use and availability of meta prompts.
Licenses
Is the project fully covered by Open Source Initiative (OSI)-approved licenses, including all data sources and training pipeline code?
Last updated 06 Sep 2025
OLMo by Ai2
OLMo-2-0325-32B
YuLan by Gaoling School of Artificial Intelligence
YuLan-Mini
BLOOMZ by BigScience Workshop
BLOOM
Amber by LLM360
Amber
Open Assistant by LAION
Pythia-12B
mT0 by BigScience Workshop
mT5-XXL
Whisper by OpenAI
Whisper-large-v3
Pythia by EleutherAI and Together Computer
Pythia-6.9B
SmolLM by HuggingFace
SmolLM3-3B-Base
K2 by LLM360
K2
Tülu by Ai2
Llama-3.1-405B
OpenChat by OpenChat
Meta-Llama-3-8B
Arabic StableLM by StabilityAI
StableLM-2-1.6B
Vicuna by LMSYS
Vicuna-13B
Teuken by OpenGPT-X
Teuken-7B-base
Instella by AMD
Instella-3B
Minerva by Sapienza Natural Language Processing Group
Minerva-7B-base-v1.0
Dolly by Databricks
Pythia-12B
T5 by Google AI
T5
RedPajama by Together Computer
RedPajama-INCITE-7B-Base
MPT by Databricks
MPT-30B
Lucie by OpenLLM-France
Lucie-7B
Eurus by OpenBMB
Mixtral-8x22B-v0.1
DeepSeek V3.1 by DeepSeek
DeepSeek-V3.1-Base
Poro by AMD Silo AI and TurkuNLP and High Performance Language Technologies (HPLT)
Llama-Poro-2-70B-Base
Neo by Multimodal Art Projection
Neo-7B
BERT by Google AI
unspecified
AquilaChat by Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence
Aquila2-70B-Expr
Zephyr by HuggingFace
Mixtral-8x22B-v0.1
Yi by 01.AI
Yi-34B
WizardLM by Microsoft and Peking University
LLaMA-7B
Salamandra by Barcelona Supercomputing Center
Salamandra-7B
Occiglot by Occiglot
Occiglot-7B-EU5
NeuralChat by Intel
Mistral-7B-v0.1
Llama Nemotron by NVIDIA
Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct
Guru by LLM360
Guru-32B
GPT-SW3 by AI Sweden
GPT-SW3-6.7B-V2
GPT-NeoXT by Together Computer
GPT-NeoX-20B
Fietje by Bram Vanroy
Phi-2
BTLM by Cerebras
BTLM-3B-8K-Base
Pharia by Aleph Alpha Research
Pharia-1-LLM-7B
minChatGPT by Ethan Yanjia Li
GPT2-Medium
Xwin-LM by Xwin-LM
Llama-2-13B
Phi by Microsoft
Phi-4
Mistral by Mistral AI
Mistral-Large-2411
Kimi K2 by Moonshot AI
Kimi K2 Base
DeepSeek R1 by DeepSeek
DeepSeek-V3-Base
SynLogic by Minimax AI
SynLogic-32B
OpenMoE by Zheng Zian
OpenMoE-8B
OpenELM by Apple
OpenELM-3B
InternLM by Shanghai AI Laboratory
InternLM3-8B
Hunyuan by Tencent
Hunyuan-7B-Pretrain
GPT OSS by OpenAI
unspecified
Falcon by Technology Innovation Institute
Falcon-H1-34B-Base
DeepHermes by Nous Research
Llama-3.1-70B
CT-LLM by Multimodal Art Projection
CT-LLM-Base
Mistral NeMo by Mistral AI and NVIDIA
Mistral-NeMo-12B-Base
XBai-04 by Yuan Shi Technology
Qwen3-32B
Saul by Equall
Mixtral-8x22B-v0.1
Qwen by Alibaba
Qwen3-235B-A22B-Base
Granite by IBM
Granite-3.3-8B-Base
MiMo by Xiaomi
MiMo-7B-Base
Airoboros by Jon Durbin
Qwen1.5-110B
Starling by NexusFlow
Llama-2-13B
Solar by Upstage AI
Mistral-7B-v0.1
Gemma by Google AI
Gemma-3-27B-PT
Geitje by Bram Vanroy
Mistral-7B-v0.1
Claire by OpenLLM-France
Falcon-7B
BELLE by KE Technologies
Llama-2-13B
UltraLM by OpenBMB
Llama-13B
Llama 4 by Meta
Llama-4-Maverick-17B-128E
dots.llm1 by RedNote
dots.llm1.base
StripedHyena by Together Computer
StripedHyena-Hessian-7B
Marco by Alibaba
Marco-LLM-GLO
Viking by Silo AI and TurkuNLP and High Performance Language Technologies (HPLT)
unspecified
Llama 3.1 by Meta
Llama-3.1-405B
RWKV by BlinkDL/RWKV
unspecified
Minimax-M1 by Minimax AI
MiniMax-Text-01
LongAlign by Zhipu AI
Llama-2-13B
Stanford Alpaca by Stanford University CRFM
Llama-7B
GLM by Zhipu AI
unspecified
Llama 3.3 by Meta
Llama-3.3-70B
Stable Beluga by StabilityAI
Llama-2-70B
Snowflake Arctic by Snowflake
Snowflake-Arctic-Base
Persimmon by Adept AI Labs
Persimmon-8B-Base
OPT by Meta
OPT-30B
Jais by G42
Llama-2-70B
Infinity-Instruct by Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence
Llama-3.1-70B
H2O-Danube by H2O.ai
H2O-Danube3.1-4B-Base
FastChat-T5 by LMSYS
Flan-T5-XL
EXAONE by LG
unspecified
Crystal by LLM360
Crystal
BitNet by Microsoft
unspecified
Baichuan by Baichuan Intelligent Technology
Baichuan2-13B-Base
StableVicuna by CarperAI
LLaMA-13B
Llama 3 by Meta
Meta-Llama-3-70B
Llama 2 by Meta
Llama-2-70B
Koala by BAIR
Llama-13B
XGen by Salesforce
XGen-Small-9B-Base-R
Gemma Japanese by Google AI
Gemma-2-2B
Command A by Cohere AI
Command A?
Llama-Sherkala by G42
Llama-3.1-8B
Nanbeige by Nanbeige LLM lab
Nanbeige2-16B
Lumo AI by Proton
Undisclosed
Featured in report 'Governing AI for humanity'
Is your data safe from Google Docs AI scraping?
The Open Manifesto 2024
Open Source AI Definition – Weekly update July 1
Not all ‘open source’ AI models are actually open: here’s a ranking
There Was Never Such a Thing as ‘Open’ AI
Verantwoord een chatbot gebruiken? ‘ChatGPT is de slechtste keuze’
The open secret of open washing – why companies pretend to be open source
Llama and ChatGPT Are Not Open-Source: Few ostensibly open-source LLMs live up to the openness claim
La part d’ombre des intelligences artificielles qui se disent « open source »
AI Accountability Lab, Dublin
iHub interdisciplinary research hub on digitalization and society, Radboud University
Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
AI Policy Lab, Umeå University
NRW AI Lab by KI.NRW and Fraunhofer IAIS

Supported by the Centre for Language Studies and the Dutch Research Council. Website design & development © 2024 by BSTN. This version of the index generated 06 Sep 2025, website content last updated 04 Sep 2025.